Demographics of Spain

Demographics of Spain
Population pyramid of Spain in 2021
Population	48,692,804[1] (2024 est.)
Growth rate	0.13% (2022 est.)
Birth rate	6.9 births/1,000 population (2022)
Death rate	9.8 deaths/1,000 population (2022)
Life expectancy	82.55 years
• male	79.84 years
• female	85.4 years
Fertility rate	1.16 children (2022)
Infant mortality rate	2.47 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate	4.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Age structure
0–14 years	14.26%
15–64 years	65.97%
65 and over	19.77%
Sex ratio
Total	0.95 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth	1.05 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	Spaniards

As of 1 April 2024, Spain had a total population of 48,692,804.^[2] The modern Kingdom of Spain arose from the accretion of several independent Iberian realms, including the Kingdoms of León, Castile, Navarre, the Crown of Aragon and Granada, all of which, together with the modern state of Portugal, were successor states to the late antique Christian Visigothic Kingdom after the Reconquista.

Spain's population surpassed 48 million inhabitants for the first time in history. In 2024 the population peaked, there are 48,692,804^[3] people living in Spain. Its population density, at 97.0 inhabitants per square kilometre (251/sq mi), is lower than other Western European countries, yet, with the exception of microstates, it has the highest real density population in Europe, based on density of inhabited areas.^[4] With the exception of the capital Madrid, the most densely populated areas lie around the coast.

The population of Spain doubled during the twentieth century, but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale internal migration from the rural interior to the industrial cities. Eleven of Spain's fifty provinces saw an absolute decline in population over the century.

The last quarter of the century saw a dramatic fall in birth rates. Spain's fertility rate of 1.47 (the number of children the average woman will have during her lifetime) has climbed every year since the late 1990s. The birth rate has climbed in 10 years from 9.10 births per 1000 people per year in 1996 to 10.9 in 2006, before declining again to 7.13 by 2021.

In 2021 the Total Fertility Rate of Spain (average number of children per woman) was 1.19, and 3.7% was the percent of births to women that were their 4th+ child.

Spain accepted 478,990 new immigrant residents in the first six months of 2022 alone. During these first six months, 220,443 people also emigrated from Spain, leaving a record-breaking net migration figure of 258,547.^[5] The data shows that more women than men chose to move to Spain during 2022, this is due to higher rates of emigration from Latin America.^[5]